airmass

Airmass (aka air mass) is a measure of the effect of Earth's atmosphere on observations by ground telescopes. It is the ratio of the atmosphere's effect on a given observation with that of an observation from sea level toward the zenith. A vertical sea-level observation has an airmass of 1 by definition. It increases with angular distance from the zenith, the airmass at the horizon being on the order of 38. In theory, observing from a higher altitude lessons it, though sometimes what is cited as the airmass is actually the sea-level airmass for the given observing angle.

The term and concept are also used regarding solar energy, i.e., in determining the energy available to a solar panel.

Determining an accurate airmass is non-trivial, among the reasons being the curve of the atmosphere, and the varied effects of different layers of the atmosphere. Approximate formulas have been developed. For convenient accuracy, tables have been produced, and formulas have been developed to assist in interpolating table values.

Airmass is of huge significance to any astronomical observation from the ground, particularly any measurements specifically of the brightness of a source, for example, for the transit method. While determinations (as per the above) are helpful, a general strategy is comparison of the brightness of a source-of-interest with sources of known brightness that are a small angular distance from it.

Note that in meteorology, the term air mass (or airmass) is also used for a large body of air within the atmosphere that has particular characteristics.