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The term p-process (proton-capture process) is used for proton capture (nuclei incorporating incoming protons), nucleosynthesis, of which there are a number of variations, which can produce p-nuclei, nuclei that are proton-rich, i.e., their ratio of protons to neutrons is high. Observed abundances show more of these than can be explained without a process of this kind.
The term p-process is also used more generally, for any type of nucleosynthesis resulting in p-nuclei, whether or not it involves proton capture. Among the variations are those classified as rp-processes, involving successive proton captures quick enough to beat some kinds of radioactive decay. P-processes are presumed to take place within supernovae.