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The Galileo Observatory was an infrared telescope mounted in a converted Convair 990 passenger jet, in operation in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was destroyed in a mid-air collision in 1973 and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) replaced it, then was eventually replaced by SOFIA.
There was a Galileo II, a replacement Convair 990, later destroyed after a tire failure on takeoff in 1985, but my impression is that it did not carry a telescope, the KAO having taken over that role. Both Galileo observatories, also termed laboratories, were used for studies of Earth atmosphere, and I presume that was the primary use of Galileo II. Its final accident was on a flight intended to gather data from an AMPTE experiment.
Many (perhaps most) online references to a Galileo Observatory are for a fictional ground observatory, within a computer game series. The fictional observatory is modeled after the actual ground observatory, Griffith Observatory of Los Angeles, which is essentially an astronomy museum that includes a working observatory.